Charting the rise of asceticism in early Christianity and its institutionalisation with the medieval monasteries, Pier Vittorio Aureli examines how the basic unit of the reclusive life – the monk’s cell – becomes the foundation of private property. And from there, he argues, it all starts to go wrong.
“Less is more” goes the modernist dictum. But is it? In an age when we are endlessly urged to do “more with less”, can we still romanticise the pretensions of minimalism?
By late capitalism, asceticism has been utterly aestheticised. It manifests itself as monasteries inspired by Calvin Klein stores, in the monkish lifestyle of Steve Jobs and Apple’s aura of restraint. Amid all the hypocrisy, it must still be possible to reprise the idea of “less” as a radical alternative, as the first step to living the life examined.
For Pier Vittorio Aureli, the return of “austerity chic” is a perversion of what ought to be a meaningful way of life. Charting the rise of asceticism in early Christianity and its institutionalisation with the medieval monasteries, Aureli examines how the basic unit of the reclusive life – the monk’s cell – becomes the foundation of private property. And from there, he argues, it all starts to go wrong. By late capitalism, asceticism has been utterly aestheticised. It manifests itself as monasteries inspired by Calvin Klein stores, in the monkish lifestyle of Steve Jobs and Apple’s aura of restraint. Amid all the hypocrisy, it must still be possible to reprise the idea of “less” as a radical alternative, as the first step to living the life examined.
03.09.2013 Pier Vittorio Aureli “Less is enough” from Strelka Institute on Vimeo.
LESS IS ENOUGH: ON ARCHITECTURE AND ASCETICISM
For many years, ‘less is more’ has been the catchphrase of minimalist design. Instantly associated with the restrained work of the German architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who borrowed this dictum from a poem by Robert Browning,1 ‘less is more’ celebrates the ethical and aesthetic value of a self-imposed economy of means. Mies’s stripped-bare architecture, in which formal expression was reduced to a simple composition of readymade industrial elements, implied that beauty could only arise through refusal of everything that was not strictly necessary. In recent years, but especially since the 2008 economic recession, the ‘less is more’ attitude has become fashionable again, this time advocated by critics, architects and designers in a slightly moralistic tone.2
1.
The word ‘ascetic’ comes from the Greek askein, which means exercise, self-training. Asceticism is a way of life in which the self is the main object of human activity. For this reason the practice of asceticism is not necessarily related to religion. Indeed it is possible to argue that the very first ascetics were philosophers. In ancient times the fundamental goal of philosophy was to know oneself: to live was understood not simply as given fact but as an art, the art of living. Within asceticism life becomes ars vivendi, something to which it is possible to give a specific form. In the case of the ancient philosophers this meant a life entirely consistent with one’s own teachings, where there was no difference between theory and practice, between logos and bios. Philosophers were thus individuals who, through their chosen form of life, deeply informed by their thinking, inevitably challenged accepted habits and social conditions.12
Asceticism is thus not just a contemplative condition, or a withdrawal from the world as it is commonly understood, but is, above all, a way to radically question given social and political conditions in a search for a different way to live one’s life. It was for this reason that early Christianity absorbed asceticism, in the form of monasticism. In the process, however, asceticism acquired a very different meaning. Its main goal was no longer to change the existing social order, but rather to prepare for the Second Coming of Christ: it was practised as a precondition for salvation. And yet those who embraced monastic life also did so as a way of refusing the integration of the Christian faith within the institutions of power. The origins of monasticism in the West coincide with the recognition of the Catholic Church by the Roman Emperor Constantine and the beginning of a political and cultural alliance between Church and State.
In his Genealogy of Morals, Nietzsche puts forward a fundamental critique of asceticism, attempting to demonstrate how the desire to refuse the world is not a mere withdrawal, as the hermits and early monks maintained, but a subtle manifestation of man’s will to power.
For Benjamin, the bourgeois apartment was filled with objects whose sole purpose was to reaffirm the ideology of the private home. He observed how furniture and interior design were driven not by necessity but by the inhabitants’ urge to leave their own traces, that is to make the living space familiar, to claim it as their own.
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Against this model of inhabitation, Benjamin proposed the possibility of emptiness in the form of a ‘tabula rasa’, a space devoid of identity, possession or a sense of belonging. His famous essay, ‘Experience and Poverty’, describes the bare concrete structures designed by Le Corbusier as the incarnation of such architecture.26
If there is a real scarcity in the world (which the rhetoric of austerity does not mention at all), it is the scarcity of attention, which has now been consumed by a state of permanent distraction, driven by increasingly sophisticated means of communication and production. Actually distraction is not bad in itself. Within industrialisation, distraction in the form of idle talk, lack of focus, daydreaming, was a way in which subjects would be able to disconnect themselves from production and stay within themselves. But in a cognitive production in which every fraction of our life is put to work, distraction becomes a form of production, because it pushes people to do many things at the same time. While the capacity to focus on something for something longer than five minutes is dramatically reduced, the compulsive dependence on the internet feeds the frantic production machinery of the web. Lack of focus is no longer caused by sloth, one of Christianity’s deadly sins, but by a form of default Stakhanovism, which forces us to work more even when we don’t work at all. While Jobs perfected his asceticism to rule himself (before strictly ruling others), the users of the devices he helped to spread are no longer able to control themselves.34
To say enough (instead of more) means to redefine what we really need in order to live a good life
– that is, a life detached from the social ethos of property, from the anxiety of production and possession, and where less is just enough.
24 One of the most accurate and interesting discussions of Le Corbusier’s Maison Dom-Ino is in Adolf Max Vogt, Le Corbusier, The Noble Savage (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000)
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Pier Vittorio Aureli is an architect and theorist. He currently teaches at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London, and is visiting professor at Yale University. He is the author of many essays and several books, including The Project of Autonomy (2008) and The Possibility of an Absolute Architecture (2011).
We thank Strelka Institute for kindly providing us the text and the images.
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