Dimensions of Citizenship is the theme of this year’s U.S. Pacvlion at the 2018 Venice Architecture Biennale. Seven design teams will interrogate a different spatial condition of design and citizenship, while Transit Screening Lounge offers more ambiguous readings of contemporary citizenship, involving blurred boundaries, gray areas, and alternative histories.– text by the curators
Particularly important in today’s context, Dimensions of Citizenship will grapple with the meaning of citizenship as a cluster of rights and responsibilities at the intersection of legal, political, economic, and societal affiliations. Contemporary issues in the world today—from immigration to the impact of technology on individuals and nations—make it clear that now, and in the years to come, the stakes of citizenship are exceedingly high.
In a statement, the curators said, “It is urgent that architecture act as an important tool in understanding, shaping, and envisioning what it means to be a citizen today. Our goal is to present the United States as a site of critical research and practice in architecture, at the intersection of old and new forms of community engagement, political action, and public policy. Globalization, digital technology, and geopolitical transformations are continuing to challenge conventional notions of citizenship across scales. This exhibition will present works by architects, designers, artists, and thinkers who are responding to today’s shifting modes of citizenship, and putting forth visions of future ways of belonging.”
In a time when the expansion of the United States–Mexico border wall looms over more nuanced discourses on national citizenship, it is urgent for architects and designers to envision what it means to be a citizen today.
Questions of belonging, of who should be included and how, are posed with every athlete taking a knee, every #metoo, every presidential tweet, and every protest sign or fist raised. Yet as transnational flows of capital, digital technologies, and geopolitical transformations expand, conventional notions of citizenship are undermined. We define the term as a tangle of rights, responsibilities, and attachments linked to the built environment. And so we ask: How might architecture respond to, shape, and express rhizomatic and paradoxical conditions of citizenship?
The US Pavilion explores seven spatial scales: Citizen, Civitas, Region, Nation, Globe, Network, and Cosmos. These scales, telescoping from body to city to heavens, broadly position citizenship as a critical global topic. Commissioned installations by architects, landscape architects, artists, and theorists investigate spaces of citizenship marked by histories of inequality and the violence imposed on people, non-human actors, and ecologies. These works aim to manifest the democratic ideals of inclusion against the grain of broader systems: new forms of sharing economy platforms, the legacies of the Underground Railroad, tenuous cross-national alliances at the border region, or the seemingly Sisyphean task of buttressing coastline topologies against rising tides.
The installations and the film and video works on view do not solve the complex relationships of governance, affinity, and circumstance that bind us, citizen to stranger, self to other. Instead, they use architecture’s disciplinary agency to render visible paradoxes and formulations of belonging. Only when spatial understandings of citizenship—legal, cultural, and ecological—are in sight might we struggle free from antiquated definitions, forms, or bureaucracies and activate potent spaces for design.
Dimensions of Citizenship are structured around seven telescoping scales—Citizen, Civitas, Region, Nation, Globe, Network, and Cosmos.
As reflections on the spatial conditions of citizenship, these evocative works join installations by the Pavilion’s seven commissioned participants: Amanda Williams & Andres L. Hernandez, Design Earth, Diller Scofidio + Renfro, Estudio Teddy Cruz + Fonna Forman, Keller Easterling, SCAPE, and Studio Gang.
“These seven teams represent the breadth of design practice today: from social to speculative; technical to theoretical. They are united by researched-based methodologies and the drive to use that research to push boundaries—formal, disciplinary, and political.”
Each of these new works commissioned for the U.S. Pavilion will interrogate a different spatial condition of design and citizenship. Also on view and placed in dialogue with these contributions will be existing projects by other architects, artists, and practitioners of aligned disciplines.
Dimensions of Citizenship – Scales Exhibition
Dimensions of Citizenship presents seven installations and five invited film and video works.
Structured around seven telescoping scales—Citizen, Civitas, Region, Nation, Globe, Network, and Cosmos—the commissioned works by artists, architects, designers, and landscape architects explore how citizenship may be defined, constructed, enacted, contested, or expressed in the built environment.
Expanding from the body and city to the network and the heavens, the seven installations by a broad range of teams raise questions around belonging and sovereignty through material and research-based practices. While the curatorial construct of the scalar structure pays homage to the Eames’ Powers of Ten, additional themes track through and across these projects. These include ecology and climate change, the agency of human and non-human actors, the past and future of monuments, and the viability of citizenship itself.
Scale: Citizen / Amanda Williams + Andres L. Hernandez in collaboration with Shani Crowe
Dimensions of Citizenship begins at the scale of the citizen with the project Thrival Geographies (In My Mind I See a Line), which will consider how race shapes notions of identity, shelter, and public space in historically African-American communities. For their installation in the courtyard of the U.S. Pavilion, Williams (a recently named 2018 USA Ford Fellow) and Hernandez, who is an associate professor of art education at SAIC, will partner with Chicago-based artist Shani Crowe, whose intricate braided hair sculptures have been worn by celebrities such as Solange. While the specter of slavery and continued racial injustice will be at the core of the installation, the piece will ultimately strive for a possible architecture of freedom that might allow all citizens to thrive and participate in the democratic ideal.
Scale: Civitas / Studio Gang
Led by 2011 MacArthur Fellow Jeanne Gang, Studio Gang uses design as a medium to help strengthen communities. Stone Stories builds on the Studio’s ongoing work in Memphis, Tennessee, to investigate how redesigning cities’ public space can be an exercise of citizenship and empowerment. Inspired by Memphis’s recent removal of two Confederate statues, Stone Stories offers an inclusive urban vision for Cobblestone Landing, an overlooked yet historically important site along the Mississippi River. Hundreds of Memphis cobblestones will be shipped to Venice and used as a platform to share the stories ofMemphians past and present, offering visitors a visceral and material interaction with a distant public space and the citizens who are actively building its shared urban future.
Scale: Region / SCAPE
LAGOON (2.017).
PHOTO CREDIT: COURTESY OF SCAPE. PHOTO BY ANDREA BARBANTI.
SCAPE, under the leadership of 2017 MacArthur Fellow Kate Orff, will demonstrate that landscape architecture can be a critical tool for re-envisioning the response of citizens to climate change. SCAPE’s project, Ecological Citizens, understands the region as an area defined by the shifting relationships of ecology, infrastructure, and climate. It takes the Venetian Lagoon as a globally significant case study of a tidal region under ecological threat. Partnering with Universica di Bologna and the Italian Institute of Marine Sciences, SCAPE will present possible solutions or interventions to aid the environmentally sensitive La Certosa island in the lagoon.
Scale: Nation / Esrudio Teddy Cruz + Fonna Forman
Estudio Teddy Cruz + Fonna Forman challenges the way we think about national boundaries. Their project, MEXUS: A Geography oflnterdependence, reveals a transnational zone comprised of eight watershed systems shared by Mexico and the United Stares. MEXUS provokes us to rethink citizenship beyond the limits of the nation, mobilizing a more inclusive, interdependent idea based on co-existence, shared assets, and cooperative opportunities between divided communities. Cruz is the winner of the 2018
Vilcek Prize in Architecture, which is presented to immigrants who are champions of the arts and sciences.
Scale: Globe / Diller Scofidio + Renfro, Laura Kurgan, Robert Gerard Pietrusko with Columbia Center for Spatial Research
When we zoom out to the scale of the globe, the primacy of the individual, the city, and even the nation drops away and is replaced by data: electricity, trade routes, migratory shifts, and the flow of capital, goods, and people. In Plain Sight—a collaboration among Diller Scofidio + Renfro, Laura Kurgan, and Robert Gerard Pietrusko with Columbia Center for Spatial Research—uses data drawn from images created by the Soumi National Polar-orbiting Partnership satellite to visualize where people live on earth. Two contrasting NASA images of the Earth taken at 1:3o pm and 1:3o am show us the gaps in the network: the places with many people and no lights, and those with bright lights and no people. This information maps out a political geography of belonging and exclusion.
Scale: Network / Keller Easterlitw with MANY
Keller Easterling’s writings and projects regularly investigate the emergent territory where the state meets the digital network. With MANY, an online platform designed to facilitate migration through an exchange of needs, Easterling and team propose that we use the network to rethink possibly outdated notions of citizenship. With a nod to the pervasive and familiar share economies that define online life, MANY envisions a global form of matchmaking between the sidelined talents of migrating populations and the multitude of opportunities around the world. Favoring cosmopolitan mobility over national identity, MANY looks to short-term visas as a tool to foster an exchange of needs.
Scale: Cosmos / Design Earth
The space above Earth, as a site of existing human occupation and potential belonging, has become a territory that both captures the imagination and serves as a theater for existing conflicts or conditions. In looking to the cosmos, Design Earth’s speculative designs suggest possible off world architectural responses. Design Earth’s El Hadi Jazairy and Rania Ghosn (recipient of the zo17 Boghossian Foundation Prize) present three “geo-stories,” which speculate on the legal geography of citizenship when extended to “the province of all mankind.” Together the stories in Cosmorama—Mining the Sky, Planetary Ark, and Pacific Cemetery—ask how we should reckon with the epic and frontier narratives that have fueled space exploration, at a time when prospects of instability and extinction have become normal on Earth.
Transit Screening Lounge
The curators of Dimensions of Citizenship, the U.S. Pavilion exhibition at the 2018 Venice Architecture Biennale, will present film and video works that explore multiple perspectives—narrative, speculative, or impressionistic— in the pavilion’s rotunda. Entitled “Transit Screening Lounge,” this collection features recent single-channel works by Frances Bodomo, Mandana Moghaddam, David Rueter and Marissa Lee Benedict, Mika Rottenberg, and Liam Young.
While the commissioned installations consider what it means to belong at different and specific spatial scales, the Transit Screening Lounge offers more ambiguous readings of contemporary citizenship, involving blurred boundaries, gray areas, and alternative histories. The selected works look at citizenship through a lens of movement: migration, transgression, transmission, travel, and mobility, as a way to visualize conditions that can be difficult to delineate through traditional architectural means.
Form N-X00
The images and short texts in the series Form N-X00: New Forms for Citizenship respond to contemporary understandings of citizenship. Revisiting the bureaucratic application for naturalization to the US, Form N-600, this series asks an international group of architects, designers, writers, artists, and thinkers to contribute their thoughts on how inclusion and exclusion are spatially constructed. By interrogating, speculating, and reflecting on different scales of belonging, this growing collection provokes and expands our current understanding of citizenship.
Borderlands
Borders, in their designation as elements of protection, can devolve into infrastructures of political insecurity, ecological foreclosure, and cultural estrangement. Their conception as safeguards can lead to mobilization as architectural weaponry, exacerbating conflict and precluding their potential as seams of productive bilateral collaboration. Yet despite their physical opposition, unique socioeconomic and cultural ecosystems often flourish along the margins of border cities, cultivated by the overlap of generations who select from both sides.
Borderlands imagines transnational boundaries as fluctuating swaths of cultural, economic, and ecological exchange. By conceiving borders as space rather than element, an array of shared infrastructures, programs and amenities can create international vestibules rather than barriers.
Along the border of Calexico, California and Mexicali, Mexico, a spatial band reaches beyond both sides of the international boundary. The thickened borderline provides flexibility for needs and structures to evolve, carving out a liminal space where equity and resources are interchanged. Centers for energy production, water treatment, specialized skills training, university satellite campuses, international refugee aid, and parklands are created and managed between United States and Mexican institutions and businesses, concentrating national capital for mutual conservation and development. More so than in most places, borders illuminate the exigencies of complex interdependence, throwing into stark relief the importance of common resources and questions of global citizenship.
Waiting Room of Democracy – Holes of Matter/Sergio Lopez-Pineiro
As argued by Peter Sloterdijk in his article “Atmospheric Politics,” “democracy depends on the ability to lend a spatial dimension to things said one after the other; it therefore implies constant training in patience.” In order to become a citizen, then, one has to exercise the necessary patience to listen while others speak. If previous spatial types of democratic assembly have always been about getting together, this waiting room is a location where two individuals are randomly paired up in order to speak and listen to each other.
As other instances when people are asked to wait, this room places its soon-to-be-citizens in limbo. This waiting room puts things in a state of temporary suspension while two strangers patiently discuss what it takes for citizens to live with each other. As other waiting rooms, this room is not an end in itself. Nevertheless, it is a necessary means for reestablishing the most essential quality for citizenship to continue to exist in times of instant gratification and simulation.
Golden Room 1 – Dragonas Christopoulou Architects
The “Golden Room” series includes digital reproductions of typical Athenian apartment rooms based on photos found in real estate website listings. The selected apartments are priced at 250,000€ which is the minimum investment in real estate required to apply for a European Visa. Since the introduction of the programme in 2013, the Greek “Golden Visa” has become the most affordable route to permanent residency in Europe, compared to 500,000€ in Spain and Portugal and 650,000€ at Malta. New property owners in Greece can apply for citizenship and a passport after seven years. The “Golden Visa” programme has attracted many international real estate companies that have acquired properties in Athens and other tourist locations. Apart from selling properties, these companies are also supporting their clients in the application procedure of what is considered to be a European investment immigration program. Most of the 250,000€ real estate opportunities can be found in typical twentieth century Athenian apartment blocks. Originally built for the local petite-bourgeoisie, these apartments have now become a gateway to European citizenship for wealthy people mostly from China, Russia, and other Asian countries.
Drape Study 01
Houston is infamous for its free-market approach to development and lack of zoning regulations, featuring a sprawling landscape with one of the most severe shortages of affordable housing in the US for a large metropolitan area. Hurricane Harvey revealed the limits of the city’s infrastructure and drainage systems, with many citing this same hunger for development as a factor in the devastating floods that are occurring more often in recent years. However, even as impermeable concrete replaces wetlands and prairies, and booming development displaces entire communities wholesale with few affordable alternatives, Houston is still held up as a model for development for the rest of the nation. Recently, the issue of the growing homeless encampments in Houston, or “tent cities,” dominates local news and discourse. These simultaneous tensions related to the basic needs of housing and shelter, playing out on the local landscape, have the potential to further shape our nation’s attitudes around precarity, access, and belonging for its citizens.
Commissioners School of the Art Institute of Chicago, University of Chicago
Curators
Niall Atkinson, Associate Professor in the Department of Art History and the College, UChicago;
Ann Lui, Assistant Professor in the Department of Architecture, Interior Architecture, and Designed Objects at SAIC and cofounder of Future Firm; Mimi Zeiger, a Los Angeles-based critic, editor, and curator; faculty member in the Media Design Practices MFA program at ArtCenter College of Design
PARTICIPANTS
Exhibition
Amanda Williams + Andres L. Hernandez in collaboration with Shani Crowe
Studio Gang
SCAPE
Estudio Teddy Cruz + Fonna Forman
Diller Scofidio + Renfro
Laura Kurgan
Robert Gerard Pietrusko, with the Columbia Center for Spatial Research
Keller Easterling with MANY
Design Earth
Transit Screening Lounge
Frances Bodomo
Mandana Moghaddam
David Rueter and Marissa Lee Benedict
Mika Rottenberg
Liam Young
ABOUT THE COMMISSIONERS
School of the Art Institute of Chicago
For more than 150 years, the School of the Art Institute of Chicago (SAIC) has been a leader in educating the world’s most influential artists, designers and scholars. Located in downtown Chicago with a fine arts graduate program consistently ranking among the top programs in the nation by U.S. News and World Report, SAIC provides an interdisciplinary approach to art and design as well as world-class resources, including the Art Institute of Chicago museum, on-campus galleries and state-of-the-art facilities. SAIC’s undergraduate, graduate and post-baccalaureate students have the freedom to take risks and create the bold ideas that transform Chicago and the world—as seen through notable alumni and faculty such as Michelle Grabner, David Sedaris, Elizabeth Murray, Richard Hunt, Georgia O’Keeffe, Cynthia Rowley, Nick Cave, Jeff Koons, and LeRoy Neiman.
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